Перевод: с английского на все языки

со всех языков на английский

criterion of the truth

  • 1 criterion of the truth

    Politics english-russian dictionary > criterion of the truth

  • 2 truth

    n
    истина, правда

    to conceal the truth — скрывать / утаивать правду

    to hide the truth — скрывать / утаивать правду

    - criterion of the truth
    - hard truth
    - historical truth
    - naked truth
    - objective truth
    - relative truth
    - shimmer of the truth
    - social truth
    - the public wants to be trusted with the truth
    - universal truth

    Politics english-russian dictionary > truth

  • 3 Science

       It is a common notion, or at least it is implied in many common modes of speech, that the thoughts, feelings, and actions of sentient beings are not a subject of science.... This notion seems to involve some confusion of ideas, which it is necessary to begin by clearing up. Any facts are fitted, in themselves, to be a subject of science, which follow one another according to constant laws; although those laws may not have been discovered, nor even to be discoverable by our existing resources. (Mill, 1900, B. VI, Chap. 3, Sec. 1)
       One class of natural philosophers has always a tendency to combine the phenomena and to discover their analogies; another class, on the contrary, employs all its efforts in showing the disparities of things. Both tendencies are necessary for the perfection of science, the one for its progress, the other for its correctness. The philosophers of the first of these classes are guided by the sense of unity throughout nature; the philosophers of the second have their minds more directed towards the certainty of our knowledge. The one are absorbed in search of principles, and neglect often the peculiarities, and not seldom the strictness of demonstration; the other consider the science only as the investigation of facts, but in their laudable zeal they often lose sight of the harmony of the whole, which is the character of truth. Those who look for the stamp of divinity on every thing around them, consider the opposite pursuits as ignoble and even as irreligious; while those who are engaged in the search after truth, look upon the other as unphilosophical enthusiasts, and perhaps as phantastical contemners of truth.... This conflict of opinions keeps science alive, and promotes it by an oscillatory progress. (Oersted, 1920, p. 352)
       Most of the fundamental ideas of science are essentially simple, and may, as a rule, be expressed in a language comprehensible to everyone. (Einstein & Infeld, 1938, p. 27)
       A new scientific truth does not triumph by convincing its opponents and making them see the light, but rather because its opponents eventually die, and a new generation grows up that is familiar with it. (Planck, 1949, pp. 33-34)
       [Original quotation: "Eine neue wissenschaftliche Wahrheit pflegt sich nicht in der Weise durchzusetzen, dass ihre Gegner ueberzeugt werden und sich as belehrt erklaeren, sondern vielmehr dadurch, dass die Gegner allmaehlich aussterben und dass die heranwachsende Generation von vornherein mit der Wahrheit vertraut gemacht ist." (Planck, 1990, p. 15)]
       I had always looked upon the search for the absolute as the noblest and most worth while task of science. (Planck, 1949, p. 46)
       If you cannot-in the long run-tell everyone what you have been doing, your doing has been worthless. (SchroЁdinger, 1951, pp. 7-8)
       Even for the physicist the description in plain language will be a criterion of the degree of understanding that has been reached. (Heisenberg, 1958, p. 168)
       The old scientific ideal of episteґmeґ-of absolutely certain, demonstrable knowledge-has proved to be an idol. The demand for scientific objectivity makes it inevitable that every scientific statement must remain tentative forever. It may indeed be corroborated, but every corroboration is relative to other statements which, again, are tentative. Only in our subjective experiences of conviction, in our subjective faith, can we be "absolutely certain." (Popper, 1959, p. 280)
       The layman, taught to revere scientists for their absolute respect for the observed facts, and for the judiciously detached and purely provisional manner in which they hold scientific theories (always ready to abandon a theory at the sight of any contradictory evidence) might well have thought that, at Miller's announcement of this overwhelming evidence of a "positive effect" [indicating that the speed of light is not independent from the motion of the observer, as Einstein's theory of relativity demands] in his presidential address to the American Physical Society on December 29th, 1925, his audience would have instantly abandoned the theory of relativity. Or, at the very least, that scientists-wont to look down from the pinnacle of their intellectual humility upon the rest of dogmatic mankind-might suspend judgment in this matter until Miller's results could be accounted for without impairing the theory of relativity. But no: by that time they had so well closed their minds to any suggestion which threatened the new rationality achieved by Einstein's world-picture, that it was almost impossible for them to think again in different terms. Little attention was paid to the experiments, the evidence being set aside in the hope that it would one day turn out to be wrong. (Polanyi, 1958, pp. 12-13)
       The practice of normal science depends on the ability, acquired from examplars, to group objects and situations into similarity sets which are primitive in the sense that the grouping is done without an answer to the question, "Similar with respect to what?" (Kuhn, 1970, p. 200)
       Science in general... does not consist in collecting what we already know and arranging it in this or that kind of pattern. It consists in fastening upon something we do not know, and trying to discover it. (Collingwood, 1972, p. 9)
       Scientific fields emerge as the concerns of scientists congeal around various phenomena. Sciences are not defined, they are recognized. (Newell, 1973a, p. 1)
       This is often the way it is in physics-our mistake is not that we take our theories too seriously, but that we do not take them seriously enough. I do not think it is possible really to understand the successes of science without understanding how hard it is-how easy it is to be led astray, how difficult it is to know at any time what is the next thing to be done. (Weinberg, 1977, p. 49)
       Science is wonderful at destroying metaphysical answers, but incapable of providing substitute ones. Science takes away foundations without providing a replacement. Whether we want to be there or not, science has put us in a position of having to live without foundations. It was shocking when Nietzsche said this, but today it is commonplace; our historical position-and no end to it is in sight-is that of having to philosophize without "foundations." (Putnam, 1987, p. 29)

    Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Science

  • 4 take8

    1) be taken these seats are all taken все эти места заняты
    2) be taken not to be taken выносить не разрешается (о книгах и т.п.); be taken from /out of/ smth. books must not be taken from /out of/ the reading-room (from /out of/ the library, etc.) книги нельзя выносить из читального зала и т.д.; the child was taken from /out of/ school ребенка забрали из школы; be taken from smb. his clothes were taken from him у него забрали одежду
    3) be taken at smth. sums are taken at the gate у ворот взимают плату за проход /за проезд/
    4) be taken the bet was taken пари было принято; be taken in some manner measures (proceedings, etc.) were taken behind his back меры и т.д. были приняты без его ведома
    5) be taken in some manner "not to be taken internally" "только для наружного употребления" (надпись на лекарствах)
    6) be taken by smb. the female parts in Shakespeare's plays were taken by boys женские роли в пьесах Шекспира исполняли юноши; the penalty shot was taken by Smith штрафной удар пробил Смит
    7) be taken into smth. he has been taken into the Air Ministry его взяли на работу в министерство воздушного флота; be taken off smth. he was taken off the night shift его сняли с ночной смены
    8) be taken the town (the fort, the territory, etc.) was taken город и т.д. был взят; be taken from smth. has anything been taken from your room? у вас что-нибудь пропало из комнаты? || be taken prisoner /captive/ попасть /быть взятым/ в плен
    9) be taken at some time he was taken in his prime (at night, when he was young, etc.) он умер в расцвете сил и т.д.
    10) be taken with /by/ smb., smth. I was [much /greatly/] taken with this man (by her manners, with the girl's innocence and charm, with her behaviour, with your wife, with an idea, with a play, with a novel, etc.) мне [очень] понравился этот человек и т.д.; I was much taken by her story я был в восторге от ее рассказа; I was taken with the beauty of the place (with the spirit of the play, by a fancy, by a feeling, etc.) меня захватила /увлекла/ красота этого места и т.д.
    11) be taken in smth. animals (rabbits, mice, etc.) are taken in traps зверей и т.д. ловят капканами
    12) be taken in smth. he was taken in the act of stealing его поймали в тот момент, когда он воровал || he was taken by surprise его захватали врасплох
    13) be taken my picture was taken меня сфотографировали; have one's picture /likeness/ taken сфотографироваться; be taken by smb. this is a snapshot taken by an amateur это любительский снимок
    14) be taken in some manner these expressions (my good intentions, these remarks, these stories, etc.) were taken literally (in a bad sense, amiss, etc.) эти выражения и т.д. были поняты буквально и т.д.
    15) be taken for smb., smth. he was taken for a foreigner (for my brother, etc.) его приняли за иностранца и т.д.; it might be taken for a water-colour (for a real live flower, for a stone, for a lie, for the truth, etc.) это можно принять за акварель и т.д.; be taken as smth. be taken as proof that... (as a criterion, as a starting point, etc.) принимать в качестве доказательства /за доказательство/ и т.д.; the date of its invention may be taken as 1797 датой этого изобретения можно считать тысяча семьсот девяносто седьмой год; be taken to be in some state or of some quality he was taken to be wealthy (ill, very clever, etc.) его (по)считали богатым и т.д. || all these factors must be taken into account /into consideration/ все эти факты надо принять во внимание; all this /these/ taken together все это вместе взятое; taken all in all в целом id be taken at what it is worth за точность не ручаюсь; а за что купил, за то и продаю; the report must be taken at what it is worth за этим сообщением ничего особенного не скрывается
    16) be taken from smth. the word is taken from Latin это слово взято /заимствовано/ из латыни; this passage is taken from the original этот отрывок цитируется по оригиналу; the play is taken from the French эта пьеса написана по мотивам французской пьесы
    17) be taken with /by/ smth. be taken with a serious illness (with influenza, with smallpox, by a fever, by a disease, etc.) заболеть серьезной болезнью и т.д.; be taken with headaches (with insomnia, etc.) страдать от головных болей и т.д.; he was taken by a pain у него был приступ боли; she was taken with a fit of coughing (with a fit of laughter, etc.) на нее напал приступ кашля и т.д.; she was taken by a fit of sobbing она безудержно рыдала; while swimming he was taken with the cramp and drowned когда он плыл, у него свело ногу, и он утонул || be taken ill /sick/ заболеть; be suddenly taken ill неожиданно слечь; be taken ill /sick/ somewhere I heard she was taken sick in the theatre я слышал, ей стало нехорошо в театре
    18) be taken to smth. he was taken to school (to town, to hospital, etc.) его увезли /отвезли/ в школу и т.д.; he was taken to the police station его забрали в полицию; I had my trunks taken to the station я отправил вещи на вокзал; I fell asleep in the train and was taken on to Leeds я заснул в поезде, и он привез /увез/ меня в Лидс; be taken (a)round (over, through, etc.) smth. he was taken around the city (round the flat, round the house, through the palace, over the museum, etc.) ему показали город и т.д., его поводили по городу и т.д.

    English-Russian dictionary of verb phrases > take8

  • 5 establish

    1. transitive verb
    1) (set up, create, found) schaffen [Einrichtung, Präzedenzfall, Ministerposten]; gründen [Organisation, Institut]; errichten [Geschäft, Lehrstuhl, System]; einsetzen, bilden [Regierung, Ausschuss]; herstellen [Kontakt, Beziehungen] ( with zu); aufstellen [Rekord]; ins Leben rufen, begründen [Bewegung]

    establish one's authority — sich (Dat.) Autorität verschaffen

    2) (secure acceptance for) etablieren

    establish one's reputation — sich (Dat.) einen Namen machen

    3) (prove) beweisen [Schuld, Unschuld, Tatsache]; unter Beweis stellen [Können]; nachweisen [Anspruch]
    4) (discover) feststellen; ermitteln [Umstände, Aufenthaltsort]
    2. reflexive verb

    establish oneself [at or in a place] — sich [an einem Ort] niederlassen

    * * *
    [i'stæbliʃ]
    1) (to settle firmly in a position (eg a job, business etc): He established himself (in business) as a jeweller.) sich niederlassen
    2) (to found; to set up (eg a university, a business): How long has the firm been established?) gründen
    3) (to show to be true; to prove: The police established that he was guilty.) feststellen
    •
    - academic.ru/25046/established">established
    - establishment
    - the Establishment
    * * *
    es·tab·lish
    [ɪˈstæblɪʃ, esˈ-]
    I. vt
    1. (found, set up)
    ▪ to \establish sth etw gründen
    to \establish an account ein Konto eröffnen
    to \establish a beachhead einen Brückenkopf errichten
    to \establish a commission eine Kommission bilden
    to \establish a dictatorship eine Diktatur errichten
    to \establish a home/a household ein Heim/einen Haushalt gründen
    to \establish a new home sich dat ein neues Zuhause einrichten
    to \establish a hospital ein Krankenhaus errichten
    to \establish a rule/theory eine Regel/Theorie aufstellen
    to \establish oneself in business sich akk geschäftlich durchsetzen [o etablieren
    2. (begin)
    ▪ to \establish sth etw einführen
    to \establish contact with sb mit jdm Kontakt [o Fühlung] aufnehmen
    to \establish relations Verbindungen herstellen
    to \establish a relationship with sb eine Beziehung zu jdm aufbauen
    to \establish the rule of law Recht und Ordnung herstellen
    to \establish ties Kontakte knüpfen
    ▪ to \establish sth etw schaffen [o herstellen]
    we have \established parity with wages in other companies wir haben im Lohnniveau mit anderen Firmen gleichgezogen
    to \establish a criterion ein Kriterium festlegen
    to \establish a norm eine Norm definieren
    to \establish a policy eine politische Linie einschlagen
    to \establish a precedent einen Präzedenzfall schaffen
    to \establish priorities Prioritäten setzen
    to \establish a quota eine Quote festlegen
    to \establish a standard/terminology einen Maßstab/eine Terminologie festlegen
    to \establish a world record einen Weltrekord aufstellen
    4. (secure, make firm)
    ▪ to \establish sth etw durchsetzen
    to \establish one's authority over sb [or supremacy] sich dat Autorität gegenüber jdm verschaffen
    to \establish a monopoly ein Monopol errichten
    to \establish order für Ordnung sorgen
    to \establish one's reputation as a sth sich dat einen Namen als etw machen
    to \establish one's rights seine Rechte geltend machen
    ▪ to \establish sth etw zeigen [o demonstrieren]
    to \establish one's superiority to sb/sth sich akk jdm/etw gegenüber als überlegen erweisen
    ▪ to \establish sb/oneself as sth:
    her latest book has \established her as one of our leading novelists ihr jüngstes Buch zeigt, dass sie eine unserer führenden Romanautorinnen ist
    he's \established himself as a dependable source of information er hat sich als verlässliche Informationsquelle erwiesen
    ▪ to \establish sth etw nachweisen
    we've \established that... wir haben festgestellt, dass...
    to \establish a claim einen Anspruch nachweisen
    to \establish the constitutionality of a law die Verfassungsmäßigkeit eines Gesetzes feststellen
    to \establish the facts den Sachverhalt klären
    to \establish the truth die Wahrheit herausfinden
    to \establish where/whether... feststellen, wo/ob...
    ▪ to \establish that... herausfinden, dass...
    7. (declare)
    to \establish one's residence ( form) sich akk niederlassen, seinen Wohnsitz begründen form
    II. vi gedeihen, aufblühen
    * * *
    [I'stblɪʃ]
    1. vt
    1) (= found, set up) gründen; government bilden; laws geben, schaffen; custom, new procedure einführen; relations herstellen, aufnehmen; links anknüpfen; post einrichten, schaffen; power, authority sich (dat) verschaffen; peace stiften; order (wieder) herstellen; list (in publishing) aufstellen, zusammenstellen; reputation sich (dat) verschaffen; precedent setzen; committee einsetzen

    to establish one's reputation as a scholar/writer — sich (dat) einen Namen als Wissenschaftler(in)/Schriftsteller(in) machen

    2) (= prove) fact, innocence beweisen, nachweisen; claim unter Beweis stellen

    we have established that... — wir haben bewiesen or gezeigt, dass...

    3) (= determine) identity, facts ermitteln, feststellen
    4) (= gain acceptance for) product, theory, ideas Anklang or Anerkennung finden für; one's rights Anerkennung finden für
    2. vr
    (in business, profession) sich etablieren, sich niederlassen

    he seems to have established himself as an expert — er scheint sich (dat) einen Ruf als Experte verschafft zu haben

    * * *
    establish [ıˈstæblıʃ] v/t
    1. festsetzen, einrichten, errichten, etablieren:
    establish an account ein Konto eröffnen;
    establish a law ein Gesetz einführen oder erlassen;
    establish a republic eine Republik gründen;
    establish a theory eine Theorie aufstellen
    2. a) jemanden einsetzen, ernennen
    b) einen Ausschuss etc bilden, einsetzen, schaffen
    c) ein Geschäft etablieren, (be)gründen, errichten
    d) seinen Wohnsitz begründen
    3. establish o.s. WIRTSCH sich etablieren, sich niederlassen (beide a. beruflich), engS. ein Geschäft eröffnen
    4. fig jemandes Ruhm, Rechte etc begründen:
    establish one’s reputation as a surgeon sich als Chirurg einen Namen machen
    5. eine Ansicht, Forderung etc durchsetzen, Geltung verschaffen (dat)
    6. Ordnung schaffen, eine Verbindung etc herstellen, diplomatische Beziehungen etc aufnehmen:
    establish contact with sb mit jemandem Fühlung aufnehmen
    7. einen Rekord aufstellen
    8. be-, erweisen, (einwandfrei) nachweisen;
    establish the fact that … die Tatsache beweisen, dass …
    9. die Kirche verstaatlichen: → established 5
    * * *
    1. transitive verb
    1) (set up, create, found) schaffen [Einrichtung, Präzedenzfall, Ministerposten]; gründen [Organisation, Institut]; errichten [Geschäft, Lehrstuhl, System]; einsetzen, bilden [Regierung, Ausschuss]; herstellen [Kontakt, Beziehungen] ( with zu); aufstellen [Rekord]; ins Leben rufen, begründen [Bewegung]

    establish one's authority — sich (Dat.) Autorität verschaffen

    establish one's reputation — sich (Dat.) einen Namen machen

    3) (prove) beweisen [Schuld, Unschuld, Tatsache]; unter Beweis stellen [Können]; nachweisen [Anspruch]
    4) (discover) feststellen; ermitteln [Umstände, Aufenthaltsort]
    2. reflexive verb

    establish oneself [at or in a place] — sich [an einem Ort] niederlassen

    * * *
    (frame) a rule expr.
    eine Regel aufstellen ausdr. v.
    aufbauen v.
    aufstellen v.
    begründen v.
    einrichten v.
    etablieren v.
    festsetzen v.
    gründen v.

    English-german dictionary > establish

  • 6 establish

    es·tab·lish [ɪʼstæblɪʃ, esʼ-] vt
    1) (found, set up)
    to \establish sth etw gründen;
    to \establish an account ein Konto eröffnen;
    to \establish a beachhead einen Brückenkopf errichten;
    to \establish a commission eine Kommission bilden;
    to \establish a dictatorship eine Diktatur errichten;
    to \establish a home/ a household ein Heim/einen Haushalt gründen;
    to \establish a new home sich dat ein neues Zuhause einrichten;
    to \establish a hospital ein Krankenhaus errichten;
    to \establish a rule/ theory eine Regel/Theorie aufstellen
    2) ( begin)
    to \establish sth etw einführen;
    to \establish contact with sb mit jdm Kontakt [o Fühlung] aufnehmen;
    to \establish relations Verbindungen herstellen;
    to \establish a relationship with sb eine Beziehung zu jdm aufbauen;
    to \establish the rule of law Recht und Ordnung herstellen;
    to \establish ties Kontakte knüpfen
    3) ( set)
    to \establish sth etw schaffen [o herstellen];
    we have \established parity with wages in other companies wir haben im Lohnniveau mit anderen Firmen gleichgezogen;
    to \establish a criterion ein Kriterium festlegen;
    to \establish a norm eine Norm definieren;
    to \establish a policy eine politische Linie einschlagen;
    to \establish a precedent einen Präzedenzfall schaffen;
    to \establish priorities Prioritäten setzen;
    to \establish a quota eine Quote festlegen;
    to \establish a standard/ terminology einen Maßstab/eine Terminologie festlegen;
    to \establish a world record einen Weltrekord aufstellen
    4) (secure, make firm)
    to \establish sth etw durchsetzen;
    to \establish one's authority over sb [or supremacy] sich dat Autorität gegenüber jdm verschaffen;
    to \establish a monopoly ein Monopol errichten;
    to \establish order für Ordnung sorgen;
    to \establish one's reputation as a sth sich dat einen Namen als etw machen;
    to \establish one's rights seine Rechte geltend machen
    to \establish sth etw zeigen [o demonstrieren];
    to \establish one's superiority to sb/ sth sich akk jdm/etw gegenüber als überlegen erweisen;
    to \establish sb/ oneself as sth;
    her latest book has \established her as one of our leading novelists ihr jüngstes Buch zeigt, dass sie eine unserer führenden Romanautorinnen ist;
    he's \established himself as a dependable source of information er hat sich als verlässliche Informationsquelle erwiesen
    6) ( prove)
    to \establish sth etw nachweisen;
    we've \established that... wir haben festgestellt, dass...;
    to \establish a claim einen Anspruch nachweisen;
    to \establish the constitutionality of a law die Verfassungsmäßigkeit eines Gesetzes feststellen;
    to \establish the facts den Sachverhalt klären;
    to \establish the truth die Wahrheit herausfinden;
    to \establish where/whether... feststellen, wo/ob...;
    to \establish that... herausfinden, dass...
    7) ( declare)
    to \establish one's residence ( form) sich akk niederlassen, seinen Wohnsitz begründen ( form) vi gedeihen, aufblühen

    English-German students dictionary > establish

  • 7 Psychoanalysis

       [Psychoanalysis] seeks to prove to the ego that it is not even master in its own house, but must content itself with scanty information of what is going on unconsciously in the mind. (Freud, 1953-1974, Vol. 16, pp. 284-285)
       Although in the interview the analyst is supposedly a "passive" auditor of the "free association" narration by the subject, in point of fact the analyst does direct the course of the narrative. This by itself does not necessarily impair the evidential worth of the outcome, for even in the most meticulously conducted laboratory experiment the experimenter intervenes to obtain the data he is after. There is nevertheless the difficulty that in the nature of the case the full extent of the analyst's intervention is not a matter that is open to public scrutiny, so that by and large one has only his own testimony as to what transpires in the consulting room. It is perhaps unnecessary to say that this is not a question about the personal integrity of psychoanalytic practitioners. The point is the fundamental one that no matter how firmly we may resolve to make explicit our biases, no human being is aware of all of them, and that objectivity in science is achieved through the criticism of publicly accessible material by a community of independent inquirers.... Moreover, unless data are obtained under carefully standardized circumstances, or under different circumstances whose dependence on known variables is nevertheless established, even an extensive collection of data is an unreliable basis for inference. To be sure, analysts apparently do attempt to institute standard conditions for the conduct of interviews. But there is not much information available on the extent to which the standardization is actually enforced, or whether it relates to more than what may be superficial matters. (E. Nagel, 1959, pp. 49-50)
       3) No Necessary Incompatibility between Psychoanalysis and Certain Religious Formulations
       here would seem to be no necessary incompatibility between psychoanalysis and those religious formulations which locate God within the self. One could, indeed, argue that Freud's Id (and even more Groddeck's It), the impersonal force within which is both the core of oneself and yet not oneself, and from which in illness one become[s] alienated, is a secular formation of the insight which makes religious people believe in an immanent God. (Ryecroft, 1966, p. 22)
       Freudian analysts emphasized that their theories were constantly verified by their "clinical observations."... It was precisely this fact-that they always fitted, that they were always confirmed-which in the eyes of their admirers constituted the strongest argument in favour of these theories. It began to dawn on me that this apparent strength was in fact their weakness.... It is easy to obtain confirmations or verifications, for nearly every theory-if we look for confirmation. (Popper, 1968, pp. 3435)
       5) Psychoanalysis Is Not a Science But Rather the Interpretation of a Narrated History
       Psychoanalysis does not satisfy the standards of the sciences of observation, and the "facts" it deals with are not verifiable by multiple, independent observers.... There are no "facts" nor any observation of "facts" in psychoanalysis but rather the interpretation of a narrated history. (Ricoeur, 1974, p. 186)
       6) Some of the Qualities of a Scientific Approach Are Possessed by Psychoanalysis
       In sum: psychoanalysis is not a science, but it shares some of the qualities associated with a scientific approach-the search for truth, understanding, honesty, openness to the import of the observation and evidence, and a skeptical stance toward authority. (Breger, 1981, p. 50)
       [Attributes of Psychoanalysis:]
       1. Psychic Determinism. No item in mental life and in conduct and behavior is "accidental"; it is the outcome of antecedent conditions.
       2. Much mental activity and behavior is purposive or goal-directed in character.
       3. Much of mental activity and behavior, and its determinants, is unconscious in character. 4. The early experience of the individual, as a child, is very potent, and tends to be pre-potent over later experience. (Farrell, 1981, p. 25)
       Our sceptic may be unwise enough... to maintain that, because analytic theory is unscientific on his criterion, it is not worth discussing. This step is unwise, because it presupposes that, if a study is not scientific on his criterion, it is not a rational enterprise... an elementary and egregious mistake. The scientific and the rational are not co-extensive. Scientific work is only one form that rational inquiry can take: there are many others. (Farrell, 1981, p. 46)
       Psychoanalysts have tended to write as though the term analysis spoke for itself, as if the statement "analysis revealed" or "it was analyzed as" preceding a clinical assertion was sufficient to establish the validity of what was being reported. An outsider might easily get the impression from reading the psychoanalytic literature that some standardized, generally accepted procedure existed for both inference and evidence. Instead, exactly the opposite has been true. Clinical material in the hands of one analyst can lead to totally different "findings" in the hands of another. (Peterfreund, 1986, p. 128)
       The analytic process-the means by which we arrive at psychoanalytic understanding-has been largely neglected and is poorly understood, and there has been comparatively little interest in the issues of inference and evidence. Indeed, psychoanalysts as a group have not recognized the importance of being bound by scientific constraints. They do not seem to understand that a possibility is only that-a possibility-and that innumerable ways may exist to explain the same data. Psychoanalysts all too often do not seem to distinguish hypotheses from facts, nor do they seem to understand that hypotheses must be tested in some way, that criteria for evidence must exist, and that any given test for any hypothesis must allow for the full range of substantiation/refutation. (Peterfreund, 1986, p. 129)

    Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Psychoanalysis

  • 8 fidelity

    1. n верность, преданность, лояльность
    2. n точность, верность, правильность
    3. n тех. радио верность воспроизведения
    Синонимический ряд:
    1. faithfulness (noun) adherence; adhesion; allegiance; ardor; ardour; attachment; constancy; devotion; faithfulness; fealty; loyalty; piety; steadfastness
    2. honesty (noun) honesty; integrity; probity
    3. truth (noun) accuracy; closeness; correctness; exactitude; exactness; precision; scrupulousness; truth; veracity
    Антонимический ряд:
    disaffection; disloyalty; double-dealing; falseness; inaccuracy; infidelity; lying; perfidiousness; prevarication; treachery

    English-Russian base dictionary > fidelity

  • 9 sure

    1. adjective
    1) (confident) sicher

    be sure of something — sich (Dat.) einer Sache (Gen.) sicher sein

    don't be too sure — da wäre ich mir nicht so sicher

    2) (safe) sicher

    be on surer ground — (lit. or fig.) sich auf festerem Boden befinden

    3) (certain) sicher

    you're sure to be welcome — Sie werden ganz sicher od. bestimmt willkommen sein

    it's sure to rain — es wird bestimmt regnen

    don't worry, it's sure to turn out well — keine Sorge, es wird schon alles gut gehen

    he is sure to ask questions about the incident — er wird auf jeden Fall Fragen zu dem Vorfall stellen

    4) (undoubtedly true) sicher

    to be sure — (expr. concession) natürlich; (expr. surprise) wirklich!; tatsächlich!

    for sure — (coll.): (without doubt) auf jeden Fall

    5)

    make sure [of something] — sich [einer Sache] vergewissern; (check) [etwas] nachprüfen

    you'd better make sure of a seat or that you have a seat — du solltest dir einen Platz sichern

    make or be sure you do it, be sure to do it — (do not fail to do it) sieh zu, dass du es tust; (do not forget) vergiss nicht, es zu tun

    be sure you finish the work by tomorrow — machen Sie die Arbeit auf jeden Fall bis morgen fertig

    6) (reliable) sicher [Zeichen]; zuverlässig [Freund, Bote, Heilmittel]
    2. adverb
    1)

    as sure as sure can be — (coll.) so sicher wie das Amen in der Kirche

    as sure as I'm standing here — so wahr ich hier stehe

    2) (Amer. coll.): (certainly) wirklich; echt (ugs.)
    3. interjection

    sure!, sure thing! — (Amer.) na klar! (ugs.)

    * * *
    [ʃuə] 1. adjective
    1) ((negative unsure) having no doubt; certain: I'm sure that I gave him the book; I'm not sure where she lives / what her address is; `There's a bus at two o'clock.' `Are you quite sure?'; I thought the idea was good, but now I'm not so sure; I'll help you - you can be sure of that!) sicher
    2) (unlikely to fail (to do or get something): He's sure to win; You're sure of a good dinner if you stay at that hotel.) gewiß
    3) (reliable or trustworthy: a sure way to cure hiccups; a safe, sure method; a sure aim with a rifle.) sicher
    2. adverb
    ((especially American) certainly; of course: Sure I'll help you!; `Would you like to come?' `Sure!') sicher(lich)
    - academic.ru/72361/surely">surely
    - sureness
    - sure-footed
    - as sure as
    - be sure to
    - be/feel sure of oneself
    - for sure
    - make sure
    - sure enough
    * * *
    [ʃɔ:ʳ, ʃʊəʳ, AM ʃʊr]
    I. adj
    1. pred (confident) sicher
    ▪ to be \sure [that]... [sich dat] sicher sein, dass...
    are you \sure? bist du sicher?
    I'm not really \sure ich weiß nicht so genau
    to feel \sure [that]... überzeugt [davon] sein, dass...
    to seem \sure [that]... als sicher erscheinen, dass...
    ▪ to be \sure/not \sure how/what/when/where/whether/who/why... genau/nicht genau wissen, wie/was/wann/wo/ob/wer/warum...
    ▪ to be \sure/not \sure if... genau/nicht genau wissen, ob...
    ▪ to be \sure/not \sure about [or of] sth sich dat einer S. gen sicher/nicht sicher sein
    are you \sure about this? sind Sie sich dessen sicher?
    I'm not \sure about what to do for the best ich weiß nicht genau, was am besten zu tun ist
    ▪ to be \sure/not \sure about [or of] sb sich dat über jdn im Klaren/nicht im Klaren sein
    you can always be \sure of Kay du kannst dich immer auf Kay verlassen
    2. (expect to get)
    ▪ to be \sure of sth etw sicher bekommen
    ▪ sb is \sure of sth etw ist jdm sicher
    we arrived early to be \sure of getting a good seat wir waren frühzeitig da, um auch ja gute Plätze zu bekommen
    3. (certain) sicher, gewiss
    ▪ to be \sure to do sth überzeugt [davon] sein, etw zu tun
    where are we \sure to have good weather? wo werden wir aller Voraussicht nach gutes Wetter haben?
    we're \sure to see you again before we leave bestimmt sehen wir Sie noch einmal, bevor wir abreisen
    4. (true) sicher
    one \sure way [of doing sth] ein sicherer Weg [etw zu tun]
    5. attr (reliable)
    a \sure sign of sth ein sicheres Zeichen für etw akk
    to have a \sure understanding of sth sich dat über etw akk im Klaren sein
    6.
    ▶ to be \sure ( form: to concede truth) sicherlich, gewiss; (as emphasis) klar
    that was a great movie, to be \sure! eines ist klar: das war ein großartiger Film!
    ▶ to be \sure of oneself selbstbewusst sein, sehr von sich dat überzeugt sein
    ▶ [as] \sure as eggs is eggs, as \sure as the day is long [or BRIT ( dated)\sure God made little apples] so sicher wie das Amen in der Kirche [o ÖSTERR im Gebet] fam
    ▶ \sure enough ( fam) tatsächlich
    ▶ for \sure ( fam) bestimmt, ganz sicher
    to know for \sure that... ganz sicher [o genau] wissen, dass...
    and that's for \sure! das ist mal sicher! fam
    one thing's for \sure eines ist [schon] mal sicher [o steht schon mal fest] fam
    ▶ [as] \sure as hell (sl) todsicher fam
    ▶ to make \sure sich akk versichern
    ▶ to make \sure [that]... darauf achten, dass...
    make \sure you lock the door when you go out denk daran, die Tür abzuschließen, wenn du weggehst
    ▶ as \sure as I'm standing/sitting here so wahr ich hier stehe/sitze
    ▶ \sure thing ( fam: certainty) sicher!; esp AM (of course) [aber] natürlich!, [na] klar! fam
    II. adv esp AM ( fam: certainly) echt fam
    I \sure am hungry! hab ich vielleicht einen Hunger!
    III. interj ( fam: certainly!)
    oh [or yeah] \sure! [aber] natürlich! iron, na klar [doch]! iron
    \sure I will! natürlich!, aber klar doch! fam
    * * *
    [ʃʊə(r)]
    1. adj (+er)
    1) (= reliable, steady, safe) hand, touch, marksman, footing, knowledge sicher; criterion, proof, facts eindeutig; method, remedy, friend zuverlässig, verlässlich; understanding genau

    in the sure knowledge that... — in der Gewissheit, dass...

    2) (= definite) sicher

    it is sure that he will come — es ist sicher, dass er kommt, er kommt ganz bestimmt

    it's sure to rain —

    he was sure to see her again — es war sicher, dass er sie wiedersehen würde

    be sure to tell me — sag mir auf jeden Fall Bescheid

    be sure to turn the gas off — vergiss nicht, das Gas abzudrehen

    you're sure of a good meal/of success — ein gutes Essen/der Erfolg ist Ihnen sicher

    to make sure to do sth — nicht vergessen, etw zu tun

    make sure you get the leads the right way round — achten Sie darauf, dass die Kabel richtig herum sind

    make sure you take your keys — denk daran, deine Schlüssel mitzunehmen

    to make sure of a seat — sich (dat) einen Platz sichern

    I've made sure that there's enough coffee for everyone — ich habe dafür gesorgt, dass genug Kaffee für alle da ist

    to be sure! —

    and there he was, to be sure (esp Ir) — und da war er doch tatsächlich!

    3) (= positive, convinced) sicher

    I'm sure she's right — ich bin sicher, sie hat recht

    do you want to see that film? – I'm not sure —

    to be sure about sth — sich (dat) einer Sache (gen) sicher sein

    to be sure of oneself — sich (dat) seiner Sache sicher sein

    I'm sure I don't know, I don't know, I'm sure —

    I'm not sure how/why... — ich bin (mir) nicht sicher or ich weiß nicht genau, wie/warum...

    2. adv

    will you do it? – sure! — machst du das? – klar! (inf)

    that meat was sure tough or sure was tough —

    know what I mean? – sure do — du weißt, was ich meine? – aber sicher or aber klar (inf)

    that's sure pretty (US) — das ist doch schön, nicht?

    2)

    he'll come sure enough —

    3)

    as sure as I'm standing here (inf) — garantiert, todsicher (inf)

    * * *
    sure [ʃʊə(r); Br auch ʃɔː]
    A adj (adv → surely)
    1. nur präd (of) sicher, gewiss (gen), überzeugt (von):
    are you sure (about it)? bist du (dessen) sicher?;
    I feel sure of getting my money back ich bin überzeugt (davon), dass ich mein Geld zurückerhalte;
    if one could be sure of living to 80 wenn man sicher wüsste, dass man 80 Jahre alt wird;
    sure of winning ( oder victory) siegessicher;
    I am not quite sure that … ich bin nicht ganz sicher, dass …;
    he is ( oder feels) sure of success er ist sich seines Erfolges sicher;
    be sure of one’s facts sich seiner Sache sicher sein;
    be sure of o.s. selbstsicher sein;
    I’m sure I didn’t mean to hurt you ich wollte Sie ganz gewiss nicht verletzen;
    she was not sure that she had heard it es war ihr so, als hätte sie es gehört;
    are you sure you won’t come? wollen Sie wirklich nicht kommen?;
    don’t be too sure sei mal nicht so sicher!
    2. nur präd sicher, gewiss, (ganz) bestimmt, zweifellos (objektiver Sachverhalt):
    he is sure to come er kommt sicher oder bestimmt;
    man is sure of death dem Menschen ist der Tod gewiss oder sicher;
    you must be sure to come and see us when … Sie müssen uns unbedingt besuchen, wenn …;
    make sure that … sich (davon) überzeugen, dass …;
    a) sich von etwas überzeugen, sich Gewissheit über eine Sache verschaffen,
    b) sich etwas sichern;
    to make sure (Redew) um sicherzugehen;
    be sure to ( oder and) shut the window vergiss nicht, das Fenster zu schließen!;
    for sure sicher, bestimmt;
    not now, that’s for sure jetzt jedenfalls nicht;
    to be sure (Redew) sicher(lich), natürlich (auch einschränkend = freilich, allerdings)
    3. sicher, untrüglich (Beweise etc)
    4. sicher, unfehlbar (Behandlung, Schuss etc):
    sure thing! umg (aber) klar oder sicher!
    5. verlässlich, zuverlässig
    6. sicher, fest (Halt etc):
    sure faith fig fester Glaube
    B adv
    1. umg sicher(lich):
    a) ganz bestimmt,
    b) tatsächlich;
    sure! (aber) klar!, aber sicher!, und ob!; → egg1 A 1
    2. US umg wirklich:
    it sure was cold es war vielleicht kalt!
    * * *
    1. adjective
    1) (confident) sicher

    be sure of something — sich (Dat.) einer Sache (Gen.) sicher sein

    2) (safe) sicher

    be on surer ground — (lit. or fig.) sich auf festerem Boden befinden

    3) (certain) sicher

    you're sure to be welcome — Sie werden ganz sicher od. bestimmt willkommen sein

    don't worry, it's sure to turn out well — keine Sorge, es wird schon alles gut gehen

    to be sure — (expr. concession) natürlich; (expr. surprise) wirklich!; tatsächlich!

    for sure — (coll.): (without doubt) auf jeden Fall

    5)

    make sure [of something] — sich [einer Sache] vergewissern; (check) [etwas] nachprüfen

    you'd better make sure of a seat or that you have a seat — du solltest dir einen Platz sichern

    make or be sure you do it, be sure to do it — (do not fail to do it) sieh zu, dass du es tust; (do not forget) vergiss nicht, es zu tun

    6) (reliable) sicher [Zeichen]; zuverlässig [Freund, Bote, Heilmittel]
    2. adverb
    1)

    as sure as sure can be — (coll.) so sicher wie das Amen in der Kirche

    2) (Amer. coll.): (certainly) wirklich; echt (ugs.)
    3. interjection

    sure!, sure thing! — (Amer.) na klar! (ugs.)

    * * *
    adj.
    gewiss adj.
    sicher adj.
    zuverlässig adj.

    English-german dictionary > sure

  • 10 strict

    1 ( not lenient) [person, rule, upbringing, discipline, school] strict, sévère ; [view, principle] rigide ; [Methodist, Catholic] de stricte observance ; to be strict with sb être strict or sévère avec qn ; he is very strict about discipline il est très strict sur la discipline ;
    2 ( stringent) [law, order, instructions] formel/-elle, strict ; [meaning, criterion] strict (after n) ; [interpretation, observance, limit] strict (before n) ; ( absolute) [truth, accuracy] strict (before n), absolu ; [silence, privacy] absolu ; in the strict sense of the word au sens strict du terme ; they have to work to strict deadlines ils doivent respecter des délais très stricts ; in strict confidence à titre strictement confidentiel ; in strict secrecy dans le plus grand secret ; on the strict understanding that à la condition expresse que (+ subj).

    Big English-French dictionary > strict

См. также в других словарях:

  • The Truth —    This comedy by Clyde Fitch opened on 7 January 1907 at the Criterion Theater and managed only 34 performances despite its critical assessment as Fitch s finest play. Some have seen the play s action as similar to that in Henrik Ibsen s A Doll… …   The Historical Dictionary of the American Theater

  • Debate on Standards for Judging the Truth — The Debate on Standards for Judging the Truth was the debate breaking out in 1978 between the principle Two Whatevers and the standard that Practice is the Sole Criterion for Testing Truth related to completely ending Cultural Revolution and the… …   Wikipedia

  • Truth — • Defines ontological, logical, and moral truth Catholic Encyclopedia. Kevin Knight. 2006. Truth     Truth     † …   Catholic encyclopedia

  • The Real Presence of Christ in the Eucharist —     The Real Presence of Christ in the Eucharist     † Catholic Encyclopedia ► The Real Presence of Christ in the Eucharist     In this article we shall consider:     ♦ the fact of the Real Presence, which is, indeed, the central dogma;     ♦ the …   Catholic encyclopedia

  • The Rule of Faith —     The Rule of Faith     † Catholic Encyclopedia ► The Rule of Faith     The word rule (Lat. regula, Gr. kanon) means a standard by which something can be tested, and the rule of faith means something extrinsic to our faith, and serving as its… …   Catholic encyclopedia

  • The Church —     The Church     † Catholic Encyclopedia ► The Church     The term church (Anglo Saxon, cirice, circe; Modern German, Kirche; Sw., Kyrka) is the name employed in the Teutonic languages to render the Greek ekklesia (ecclesia), the term by which… …   Catholic encyclopedia

  • The Naked Kiss — Theatrical release poster Directed by Samuel Fuller Produced by …   Wikipedia

  • Truth — For other uses, see Truth (disambiguation). Time Saving Truth from Falsehood and Envy, François Lemoyne, 1737 Truth has a variety of meanings, such as the state of being in accord with fact or reality …   Wikipedia

  • The Phenomenology of Spirit — Phänomenologie des Geistes (1807) is one of G.W.F. Hegel s most important philosophical works. Translated as The Phenomenology of Spirit or The Phenomenology of Mind due to the dual meaning in the German word Geist( note the German sense in the… …   Wikipedia

  • THE MIDDLE AGES — …   Encyclopedia of Judaism

  • The Idler (1758–1760) — This article is about the 18th century series of essays. For other publications called The Idler, see The Idler (disambiguation). The Idler was a series of 103 essays, all but twelve of them by Samuel Johnson, published in the London weekly the… …   Wikipedia

Поделиться ссылкой на выделенное

Прямая ссылка:
… Нажмите правой клавишей мыши и выберите «Копировать ссылку»